The constitutional jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice is a Essay

The constitutional jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice is a paradigm of judicial Activism. Discuss in relation to Art. 234 EC - Essay Example , the judicial activism of the European Court of Justice has been one of the most intriguing aspects of the evolving legal and judicial framework in Europe, because it â€Å"appoints the European Court as meeting place between the legal order of the Community and those of its member states.†3 It has in fact, represented the driving force of European integration through the fashioning of a constitutional framework for a federal type of structure within the European Union.4 The legislative process within the European Union has often been characterized by inertia, as a result of which the ECJ has had to exercise judicial creativity, to address the gap between voter wishes and political decisions which is not well defined in the European Community as it is in a democracy.5 In the context of Article 234 of the EC Treaty that places the European Court of Justice in the role of interpreter of the aims and objectives of the Treaty, creative European jurisprudence has often required that the ECJ not send away an individual litigant or a national Judge without an answer, in order to avoid denial of justice. As a result, this has often required creative judicial interpretation that has caused it to be accused of judicial activism.6 The Court has adopted the teleological method in its approach to judicial interpretation, wherein a rule is interpreted by taking into account the purpose of the rule and the aim and objective it seeks to accomplish, as stated in the case of CIFLIT, â€Å"every provision of Community law must be placed in its context and interpreted in the light of the provisions of E.C. law as a whole, regard being had to the objectives thereof and to its state of evolution at the date on which the provision in question is to be applied.†7 The factor that will determine when judicial activity strays into the field of judicial activism is determined by the extent to which the judicial function strays into the political realm. The European Court of Justice has

How do events become media events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How do events become media events - Essay Example ial networking platforms and media’ then they could probably cite a strong point of view by attributing the man who killed his wife because of her internet addiction. Then the more the media would cover this event, allowing many people to provide their stands, the said story then starts to become a great media event, as there would be many people involved by taking the event right to their heart, making them fully involved. This is the same trend we might probably observed from the September 11 USA terrorism attack. If there would be no television or other media from the other side of the world and USA’s adjacent countries, it would take time to hear about what was happening that time to the world’s twin towers in New York. After the attack, it would most probably took time to keeping popular number of people about the news report. Publicity would be too slow that many people would miss the opportunity to take the event right to their heart. However, since the wi de coverage of media continues to lead us people and becoming integrated with our life at present, the September 11 attack remained a remarkable history that today’s generation could impart to the future. Media therefore have become powerful agents of publicity, allowing great news event to become great media event. Right after the September 11 attack, there were various news reported associated with the event. For couple of months, local and internatianal news reports from various parts of the world were primary important headlines, and many opinions, stands, symphaties or reactions begun to flinch from the audience, making the event a great media event, just like what happened to Princess Diana’s funeral and Prince Charles and Kate’s matrimonial ceremony. The flu virus and its associated... The "How do events become media events?" essay describes the influence of media on our perception of some life events. Why some of them would no longer create remarkable impact or special response? The flu virus and its associated detrimental impacts on the human health was once become a media event as people discovered that SARS for instance could potentially wipe out the human race. Everyday, the media would cover the progress of mortality rate and the probable place affected by the pandemic. Via broadcasters, people were informed about the said news event, allowing everyone to stop for a while from doing their daily routines, and focus on understanding the right thing to do in order not to contract the disease. The news event about SARS progressed to becoming a great media event, as people paid considerable amount of time concerning the event. However, the entire piece of this could be attributed to the level of publicity that the media were able to impart with the consuming publi c. It is therefore clear that media publicity is a common activity normally associated with media events. Media events operate as public arenas where people find themselves engaged in the political debates and political actions that are responsible for shaping the world around them. This could potentially be illustrated through the US presidential election. The Democrats and Republicans have various and conflicting ideologies which they used to defend their stands and ultimate perspectives on certain political, social, and economic issues.

Research Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Projects - Essay Example The first is to attain a greater understanding of the world around us, with the assumption here being that new' knowledge facilitates that. The second is the reshaping of the world and reorganisation of the framework within which human activities unfold for the explicated purpose of bring the reality closer to the ideal (Sekaran, 2003). Although, at first glance, the second cited aim may sound unduly ambitious and somewhat arrogant, closer inspection proves otherwise. Were one to briefly consider the fact that medical research has led to the evolution of technologies which have significantly lengthened average human life spans, or that electronic communications research has led to the evolution of the internet, we find that the gap between the ideal and the real, although vast, has been somewhat reduced. Moreover, were we to momentarily reflect upon the fact that scientific research has led to the evolution of instruments and technologies as would give us better understanding of the health of our environment, s a strategy for forestalling crisis, we would again concede that research is fulfilling is articulated aims of explaining and reshaping the world. The research pr On the basis of the above, one may affirm that the aims of research are to uncover new knowledge with the purpose of doing so being to improve the world and human life. Research Process The research process varies in accordance with the research field and the selected research methodology. Hence, as noted by Jackson (1994) within the parameters of scientific research, the process is primarily framed by the collection of primary data and experimentation while, within the context of a humanities' based research, the process is framed by the examination of secondary data in light of new developments, generally tending towards the theoretical and the explanatory and involving little, if any, experimentation (Jackson, 1994). In other words, the research process, defined as the methodology pursued (Jackson, 1994) differs in accordance with subject matter and selected research method. Although the research process is variable, the fact is that the process comprises a number of steps which, if the research subscribes to accepted academic standards and criteria, is cross-disciplinary. All research, as argued by Creswell (2003) proceeds from a specified research problem, an articulated research question and a hypothesised solution to the problem and response to the question. These three steps, research problem, research question and hypothesis, frame the research itself whereby all succeeding research activity is founded upon, and guided by them (Creswell, 2003). In other words, irrespective of research discipline and methodology, the research process comprises the three steps outlined. Based on the above elucidation of the research process, one may not that the process is inextricably connected to the earlier mentioned research reasons. As earlier stated, a research is motivated by the compulsion to uncover new knowledge and to resolve existent problems. These general research aims are narrowed down to a specific problem, question and hypothesis during the research process. Therefore, one may safely assert that the reasons for research and

House of the Spirits Essay Example for Free

House of the Spirits Essay The world is engulfed by positive and negative forces. Violence, the negative force, is always there around us. We silently experience its impact, without responding. When one responds to the violence vocally, it may or may not produce the desired effect. There are two parties to the violence-the perpetrators of the violence and the victims of the violence. When the victims of the violence suffer silently, that doesn’t mean everything is fine. The nature of violence is fire and its suddenness. It may instantly erupt like the fiery waves of Tsunami, and produce colossal damage; or arrive like the uncontrollable avalanche. Human efforts may not be able to contain the onward march of destruction. It may end of its own and retain its gains for ever. The boom of Latin American literature began in the 1960s, and Isabel Allende’s House of the Spirits is one such product of the boom era. Her big leap in the world of literature happened in the year 1985, when the translation of La casa de los espiritus saw the light of the day. She became an international figure, and she found her place in the same pedestal as that of Columbian Nobel Prize-winner Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Her work was compared to his One Hundred Years of Solitude. The highlight of the book is that it is written by a woman writer and a Chilean national. The plot of the novel is the saga of three generations of Trueba women—Clara, Blanca, and Alba. It is the story of the struggle of these women with Esteban Trueba, the domineering family patriarch. Allende takes on the story of the family and its political backdrop, which finally ends in a military coup and the eventual dictatorship. It is the conflict between the forces of Left and Right. In the book, the name of the country is not specifically mentioned as Chile, but the obvious is experienced by the reader. The content of the story is the deep reflection of her homeland, Chile. The legally elected administration, led by President Salvador Allende (Isabel’s uncle) was deposed by the military forces in the year 1973. The political current is flowing through the entire novel subtly and sometimes directly. It is very explicit, and don’t get carried away by the title of the book and conclude that it is the book on magic and spirits. It is a story of the family intermingled with the story of the Nation, Chile. The family of Esteban gets entangled with the political upheaval during the latter part of life. Extended family life is the highlight and is given lots of importance in the Chilean society. Couples live in their own houses, but the concept of larger families is popular, the small families look forward to their larger families for more than one objective. The holidays and weekends are spent in the company of relatives. Nuclear families look up for support from the extended-family ties in times of emergencies. Friendship among the adults is an encouraging feature of this system. Technological advance, industrial and internet revolutions have affected the social structure and made deep impact in all the aspects of life of humanity all over the world, and Chile is no exception. Gender rules and traditional areas have suffered the dent. Women in Chile seek employment in large numbers and they don’t wish to remain unschooled, as was the case a few decades ago. In 1990, about 50% of the student population in primary and secondary schools were female. In higher education the percentage was marginally lower; the female enrollment was 44%. There was steady increase of the female students in traditionally female profession of teachers, and also law, medicine, dentistry etc. The traditional pattern as for the roles of men and women and society has undergone noticeable change in Chile. Strong support, more than 80 percent, was seen for the view that women benefit as individuals if they work like men, outside home. Women wished to exercise their rights that paved way for development of their individual personality, which is linked to their economic prosperity. As for the attitude towards marriage, the sentence included in the family law, â€Å"women should obey their husbands,† found favor with only 40% of women, whereas 55% men still held the traditional views. Another important aspect of a similar survey was, men should participate more actively in household work. 70% of men and 92% of women concurred with this view. Isabbel Allende’s novel covers three generations of women in Chile and the notion that women reach full self-realization primarily through motherhood has also seen much modification during this era. Fewer children are now preferred and day care facility for their small children is extensively used by the working mothers. The extended family tradition even now prevailing also puts the working mothers in an advantageous position. The system of employing female domestic servants is in vogue amongst the middle-class and upper class households. The Chilean women face a three-pronged drive against them. The Nation is known for its authoritarianism and Catholicism. The people have experienced dictatorship as well as democracy which have affected the life in one way or the other. The transition from dictatorship to democracy and the reconstruction of the democratic institutions have also resulted in inherent changes as for the position and status of women in the Chilean society. NGO’s re playing the active role to improve the standard of living as well as the standard of life of women. The most provocative issue of women in Chile is abortion. Abortion is illegal in Chile. However, the ground realities are, one in four pregnancies ends in abortion. Poor women are mostly affected as they lack proper education and do not have access to safe, private clinics. Even in this modern era, there are women’s rights opponents in Chile, both at the governmental and NGO levels. But Allende opines that it is difficult to resist social change, and the traditionalists don’t seem to have a happy future. Jane Futcher, of San Francisco Chronicle gives the ‘synopsis’ of the book in two sentences: Nothing short of astonishing In The House of the Spirits Isabelle Allende has shown us the relationships between past and present, family and nation, city and country, spiritual and political values. She has done so with enormous imagination, sensitivity, and compassion. But such organizations face strong opposition from the Church as Allende puts it, â€Å"†¦ and putting women on an equal footing with menthis in open defiance of the law of God, which was most explicit on the issue. † Whenever the Nation is in turmoil, for whatever reasons, women and children are the intense sufferers. They face loss of anxiety and uncertainties. The problems in an extended Chilean family were comparable to the problems of the Nation. Allende is at great pains to understand and explain why the 1973 coup happened at all. A democratically elected socialist president was removed from power and killed by Pinochet. The book holds the inherent clashes that were part of the society for such an unfortunate development to occur. The pairs of opposites, like landlords and tenants, conservatives and communists began to attack each other. No one thought about the after effects of the harsh churning of the society. Dictatorship emerged, actually no one wanted it. By the time the people realized the futility of their approach and action, much harm had already been done to the Chilean national psyche. Normalcy was restored after the nation went through convulsions. Conclusion: The pages of human history daubed in bloodshed of World Wars I II, Nanking Massacre (China) and the violence without intermission in Chile, ask the crying question. How to make this violence-prone Planet Earth heaven like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes, full of understanding, heart full of love and the life that refuses conflicts-these alone are enough. If a question is posed whether the happenings in Trueba family is the ‘micro’ example of the ‘macro’ happenings in Chile, the answer would be both yes and no! The patriarch of the family is, ipso facto, a dictator—he possesses a volatile, harsh unreasonable temper and also the obsessive ability to love through possession. The day to day developments and realities seemed to have no effect on the Treuba family as such. They came out unfazed through the dark days of the dictatorship. Yet to be sure, most of them were psychologically affected, even though they did not discuss their grievances and opinions openly. But no one was happy about the unfortunate developments that engulfed the country. Allende describes how, over the time people soften and lose their angry identity, and are amenable to reason. How the country overcame its demons, and the determination of the people not to let the old days return. They would like to forget the shudder of disgust related to all sorts of violence. Allende’s depiction of the controversial events in Chilean history is even, intelligent and highly illuminating. Yet, the novel written by a woman author has got to address the pressing issues related to the welfare of women. House of the Spirits is a truly poignant story covering all the aspects of human life, is trials, tribulations, its duty and beauty. It is the story of love and hate; betrayal and acceptance; pride and prejudice. The importance of family bonds has been rightly highlighted. A joint family means actually a ‘group insurance cover’ for all the members of the family and a great psychological security. The possibilities of a life of love are infinite. There lies a unique joy in giving, that one will never find in accepting. References Cited: Allende, Isabel: Book: The House of the Spirits. 448 pages Publisher: Bantam (July 1, 1986), 448 pages. Language: English ISBN-10: 0553273914 ISBN-13: 978-0553273915

Application Of Game Theory In Strategic Formulation Marketing Essay

Application Of Game Theory In Strategic Formulation Marketing Essay This particular article talks about the application of game theory in the business world. In todays highly competitive market it has become harder and more complicated to decide about the pricing strategies and budgeting of the advertisements. This article explains the concept of game strategy with various examples. Keywords: strategy, pay offs, prisoners dilemma. Introduction Game theory, a branch of  applied mathematics  that is used in the  social sciences, most notably in  economics, biology, engineering, political science,  international relations,  computer science, and  philosophy attempts to mathematically capture behavior in strategic situations or  games, in which an individuals success in making choices depends on the choices of others. While initially developed to analyze competitions in which one individual does better at anothers expense (zero sum games), it has been expanded to treat a wide class of interactions, which are classified according to several  criteria. Today game theory is widely used in the business for solving situations in which there are a number of players. Companies are using the science of Game Theory to help them make complicated strategic decisions in this highly competitive market with least possible risk. History of Modern Game Theory is more than 50 years old and has demonstrated an  ability to  generate the ideal strategic  choice in a variety of different situations, companies and industries. Principles of game theory are applied through the use of strategy games.   Game theory and its applications: A powerful tool for predicting outcomes of a group of interacting  firms where an action of a single  firm directly affects the payoff of other participating players. Enables  a company  to formulate their optimal strategy. Ideal for strategic situations where competitive or individual behaviors can be modeled.   For example:   Auctions (sealed project bids), Bargaining activities (union management negotiations), Product decisions (entry or exit markets), Principal-agent decisions (compensation negotiations, supplier incentives) and Supply chain design (capacity management, build vs. out source decisions). Multiple strategy games are analyses to  model different competitors, various payoffs  and potential strategies.   The objective of these games is to deliver A recommended set of strategic  decisions to guide competitive behavior to a desirable outcome, and; An analysis of how a series of possible strategic moves can predict various competitive outcomes.   Various types of games can be used and analysed based on the strategic situation, the number of players, the amount of  information available  and the timing constraints. Classification of game theory: There are basically three types of games Fully co- operative game: to explain this game we can take the example of two cyclists coming towards each other. it is in their best interest to avoid the collision and If they have to avoid the collision each of them has three strategies: move right move left maintain direction The strategy followed by one person in this case depends on the other person. As they both dont want a collision they will change their direction based on the opponents strategy. This type of game is called full co operative game. Zero sum non co operative game: to explain this case we can take the example of the retail outlets in one locality. All of them use different pricing strategy to attract customer. in this case if store is able to attract customers it is on the account of the other retail store. In this particular case a strategy followed by one player affects the other player always. In simple words the win of one person comes on the account of other persons loss. Mixed strategy game: this type of game explains the situation where the interests of both the player are interdependent. But they are partly opposed and partly coincident. This kind of strategy is followed mostly in the case of union management feuds. In the case of union and the management their benefits are interrelated. At the same time they have conflicting interests as well. Other classification: game theory has been divided into following categories: Static games: this basically deals with anticipating rivals move. These kind of games involve pricing strategy, prisoners dilemma, the concept of dominant strategy, fixing up of advertisement budget etc. Dynamic games: deals with the concept of perfect and sub perfect games. Prisoners dilemma: Below given diagram depicts the prisoner dilemma. Figure 3: Prisoners dilemma Prisoners dilemma is a beautiful concept of game theory that explains various complications that firms face while taking the decision regarding fixing the price or on deciding on the budget for the advertisement. The evidence available with police is not sufficient enough to convict these criminals to convict. Though they are supposed to get 20 years of imprisonment if the crime is proved, they will get only one year of imprisonment if the crime is not proved. if they apply the best strategy they both can avoid the conviction. The strategies that they can follow are: A confesses B remains silent: A gets an imprisonment of 5 years and B gets an imprisonment of 20 years. B confesses A remains silent: B gets an imprisonment of 5 years and A of 20 years. Both of them confess: both get an imprisonment of 5 years. Both remain silent: both get an imprisonment of 1 year. The dilemma here is that they dont know about each others strategy and they end up confessing the crime as both of them want to avoid the 20 year of imprisonment. But if they know about the strategy of the opponent they can decide about their strategy and can get best equilibrium possible that is one year for both of them. The same theory applies for many firms in the corporate world and they end up choosing the wrong strategy because of the opponent or the apprehensions in their mind. The Concept of Dominant Strategy: Dominant strategy is the strategy followed by any player that will supersede all the strategies followed by the opponent. Eliminating Dominant Strategy: It will in the best of interests of both the rivals to eliminate the dominant strategy. One beautiful example of this is the OPEC. Nash Equilibrium: A Nash equilibrium is a combination of strategies such that no individual player can deviate unilaterally from his or her to improve his pay offs. Few examples of game theory in the practical corporate world: Price wars: this can be explained by the following example: imagine there are two pizza providers in the city and they have different pricing policies namely- high, low and medium. There are two restaurants in a small town, pizza hut and dominos. They are in competition with each other for customers. They have three price slabs: high (H), medium (M) or low (L). The customer base is 1,000 of which 300 only ever buy at Dominos and 300 only buy at Pizza hut. The other 400 are price-sensitive and always buy the cheaper pizza and choose at random if they charge the same price. Both providers make a margin of  £12 per pizza if they charge high prices,  £10 per pizza if they charge medium prices, and  £5 for low prices. Both Dominos and Pizza hut cannot guess what the other player has chosen before they choose themselves. We can calculate profits by multiplying the number of customers with the margin per customer. For example, if dominos charges a medium price and Pizza hut a high price, Dominos will sell to his 300 loyal customers and the 400 price sensitive customers at a margin of  £10 each, giving him pay-offs of  £7,000. Pizza hut only sells to his 300 loyal customers, but at a margin of  £12 per pizza, giving him p rofits of  £3,600. Figure 2: pricing war between two suppliers PgIn this case three equilibrium arises one of 6/6 , 5/5 other one of 2.5/2.5. the noble picture for both the firms is 6/6 but becausee of the price wars between them none of them are able to extract ad No ad Ad wars: No ad $5m colgate $5,m $5.5m, $2m Ad $2m $5.5m $2.5m $2.5m Figure 3: advertising war between P G and Colgate This particular situation is of the two brands of toothpastes in which both of them follow different ad strategies. The decision of going for an ad and not going for an ad depends upon the opponent. They have four possible strategies: Both of them go for ad None of them go for ad P G goes for ad but colgate does not go for ad Colgate goes for ad but P G not. In two cases the equilibrium exists one for 5,5, and the other for 2.5, 2.5. the firms can make more money without going for any ad but as both the firms want to capture the non loyal market they go for ads and finally end up by lower margins. The dilemma here is that if one firm does not go for the ad and the other goes, then it will lose money. So guessing rivals move becomes very important here. Assumptions: Players and rational and they select strategies based on their interest. The market is equally divided in the players. Other factors are constant. Shortcomings of Game Theory: Game theory has many short comings as well and that needs to be considered. Assumes the players are rational and they play in their self-interest.  This might not be the case all the time. Assumes players act strategically and consider the competitive responses of their actions. But every manager does not think within a strategic context.   The concept of Game Theory is most effective when managers understand the expected outcomes of the strategies they are following and the strategy that their competitors will follow.   To be little precise most of the companies often do not have enough knowledge of their own payoffs let alone those of their  competition. Despite  its shortcomings, a properly constructed game can perceptibly reduce business risk, can produce valuable competitive insights, improve internal alignment  around decisions  and maximize strategic utility. According to the  The Economist  magazine Managers have much to learn from game theory provided they use it to clarify their thinking, not as a substitute for business experience. Conclusion: Game theory is a beautiful concept of applied mathematics. Though it has got shortcomings and its assumptions might not be applicable in all the cases it can help firms and industries in finding the appropriate strategies. Based on the pay offs, number of players and other strategic situations game theory can be helpful in developing the optimum strategies for the firms. .

Death comes for the archbishop :: essays research papers

Death Comes for the Archbishop By Willa Cather Willa Cather is the author of the award winning novel Death Comes For The Archbishop written in 1927. She was born in 1873 near Winchester, Virginia and soon moved to Nebraska (Cather, 1927). During her childhood she was surrounded by foreign languages and customs. Even at her young age she felt a connection to the immigrants in Nebraska and was intrigued with their connection to the land. Willa also loved writing about the vanished past of the American Southwest where nature and Christianity is opposed to the modern urban life and society (http://fp.image.dk). She was raised Episcopalian and later in life she joined the Protestant Church in search for spirituality while still being captivated with the grandeur of ceremonies performed in the Catholic Church. These fascinations were projected directly into to her writings, as seen in her book Death Comes For The Archbishop. This book was awarded the Howells Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1930 (http://www.geocitie s.com). This book is considered an American Classic due to its longevity in popular literature. It also provides the important historical background on the Catholic Church and its impact on the American Southwest. Willa emphasizes, through her writings, the hardships of the people involved in making this part of America what it is today. It points out the influence of the earliest Spanish missionaries of the 16th century through the latter part of the 19th century involving French missionaries and exposes the corruptness as well as the dedication of the missionaries of the church. The book’s main setting is in the 19th century, during the settlement of New Mexico and Colorado and recalls the journeys that a priest undertook and the hardships overcame in order to meet his and the churches goal of bringing the Catholic faith to Mexicans and native Indians. Through his travels and the spiritual work in the beautiful, yet rough environment he was radically transformed. He was especially i nfluenced by the experiences of the westward movement of the agricultural frontier because of the impact of the native people. The main character of this book is Father Jean Marie Latour. He was consecrated the Catholic Vicar Apostolic of New Mexico and Bishop of Agathonica in partibus at Cincinnati and was destined to reach his Vicarate (Cather 1927) and help the people of the land. When he was given his mission to retrieve the bishopric (Cather 1927) by the Vatican in Rome he accepted it whole heartedly.

Mr S Ndzimba at Uj Essay

â€Å"Redemption Song† Analysis â€Å"Redemption Song,† a magnificently composed song by Bob Marley relates to oppression and deliverance of African slaves, who were brought from Africa to Jamaica. The general theme of this song is the beauty of the redemption of people after oppression. Support of this theme is found in Bob Marley’s connotation and tone. Connotation, the diction of words, is the most significant aspect of this song that supports the theme. Bob Marley’s terminology is responsible for creating a truly entrancing song. Bob initiates the song on a delicate level by describing the obliteration of the African people by slavery; â€Å"Oh pirates yes they rob I; / Sold I to the merchant ships, / Minutes after they took I / From the bottomless pit. (Marley 1-4). These very lines portray the appalling technique used to take Africans from their homeland to toil for others. The next line, â€Å"But my hand was made strong / By the hand of the Almighty. / We forward in this generation/ Triumphantly,† (Marley 5-8) illustrates the authority given to the slaves by God. Through His hand, the present generation has been capable of moving onward and prospering. The most eminent lines of the song, â€Å"Emancipate yourself from mental slavery / None but ourselves can free our minds† sustains thought that it is not the responsibility of the oppressors to free the oppressed; this assignment can only be completed by the oppressed themselves. Through the complete song, Bob Marley maintains an optimistic tone. He appears to believe that through all the pain and agony of slaves his generation will be able to formulate a difference. Evidence of this is found in the lines â€Å"We forward in the generation / Triumphantly† (Marley 3-4). This strictly means that descendents of Africans have been given an opportunity to right and improve the prospects their ancestors never had. Overall, â€Å"Redemption Song† is a incredibly stunning song that relates to not only African slaves but all others that have been oppressed. Bob Marley’s main purpose of this song is that, in the end, it is up to the oppressed to determine their freedom and destiny.